在 Linux/UNIX
系统中包含很多种文本处理器或文本编辑器,其中包括我们之前学习过的VIM
编辑器与 grep
等。而 grep、sed、awk
更是 shell
编程中经常用到的文本处理工具,被称之为 Shell
编程三剑客。
创新互联公司网站建设公司是一家服务多年做网站建设策划设计制作的公司,为广大用户提供了成都网站设计、网站建设,成都网站设计,广告投放,成都做网站选创新互联公司,贴合企业需求,高性价比,满足客户不同层次的需求一站式服务欢迎致电。
sed(Stream EDitor)
是一个强大而简单的文本解析转换工具,可以读取文本,并根据指定的条件对文本内容进行编辑(删除、替换、添加、移动等),最后输出所有行或者仅输出处理的某些行。sed
也可以在无交互的情况下实现相复杂的文本处理操作,被广泛应用于 Shell
脚本中,用以完成各种自动化处理任务。
sed
的工作流程主要包括读取、执行和显示三个过程
sed
从输入流(文件、管道、标准输入)中读取一行内容并存储到临时的缓 冲区中(又称模式空间,pattern space
)sed
命令都在模式空间中顺序地执行,除非指定了行的地址,否则 sed
命令将会在所有的行上依次执行sed 命令有两种格式:
sed [选项] '操作' 参数 //“参数”是指操作的目标文件,当存在多个操作对象时用,文件之间用逗号“,”分隔
或
sed [选项] -f scriptfile 参数 // scriptfile 表示脚本文件,需要用“-f”选项指定
常见sed命令选项
-e
或--expression=
:表示用指定命令或者脚本来处理输入的文本文件-f
或--file=
:表示用指定的脚本文件来处理输入的文本文件-h
或--help
:显示帮助-n
、--quiet
或silent
:表示仅显示处理后的结果-i
:直接编辑文本文件a
:增加,在当前行下面增加一行指定内容c
:替换,将选定行替换为指定内容d
:删除,删除选定的行i
:插入,在选定行上面插入一行指定内容p
:打印,如果同时指定行,表示打印指定行;如果不指定行,则表示打印所有内容;如果有非打印字符,则以 ASCII
码输出。其通常与“-n”
选项一起使用s
:替换,替换指定字符y
:字符转换1)输出符合条件的文本(p 表示正常输出)
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n 'p' httpd.txt //输出文件所有内容,等同 cat httpd.txt
#
# This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See for detailed information.
# In particular, see
#
# for a discussion of each configuration directive.
#
# Do NOT simply read the instructions in here without understanding
# what they do. They're here only as hints or reminders. If you are unsure
# consult the online docs. You have been warned.
#
# Configuration and logfile names: If the filenames you specify for many
# of the server's control files begin with "/" (or "drive:/" for Win32), the
# server will use that explicit path. If the filenames do *not* begin
# with "/", the value of ServerRoot is prepended -- so 'log/access_log'
# with ServerRoot set to '/www' will be interpreted by the
# server as '/www/log/access_log', where as '/log/access_log' will be
...//省略部分内容....
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '3p' httpd.txt //输出第3行内容
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '3,5p' httpd.txt //输出3~5行内容
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See for detailed information.
# In particular, see
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n 'p;n' httpd.txt //输出所有奇数行内容,n表示读入下一行资料
#
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# In particular, see
# for a discussion of each configuration directive.
# Do NOT simply read the instructions in here without understanding
# consult the online docs. You have been warned.
# Configuration and logfile names: If the filenames you specify for many
# server will use that explicit path. If the filenames do *not* begin
# with ServerRoot set to '/www' will be interpreted by the
# interpreted as '/log/access_log'.
...//省略部分内容....
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n 'n;p' httpd.txt //输出所有偶数行
# This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
# See for detailed information.
#
#
# what they do. They're here only as hints or reminders. If you are unsure
#
# of the server's control files begin with "/" (or "drive:/" for Win32), the
...//省略部分内容....
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '1,5{p;n}' httpd.txt //输出1~5行之间的奇数行(1、3、5行)
#
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# In particular, see
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '350,${n;p}' httpd.txt //输出第350行至文件尾之间的偶数行
#
IncludeOptional conf.d/*.conf
short
wod
woooood
AxyzxyzC
//在执行此命令时,读取的第1行时第350行,读取的第二行是第351行,依次类推,所以输出的偶数行是文件的第351行、第353行直至文件结尾,其中包括空行
sed
命令结合正则表达式时,格式略有不同,正则表达式以“/”
包围[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '/the/p' httpd.txt //输出包含the的行
# This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# Do NOT simply read the instructions in here without understanding
# what they do. They're here only as hints or reminders. If you are unsure
# consult the online docs. You have been warned.
# Configuration and logfile names: If the filenames you specify for many
# of the server's control files begin with "/" (or "drive:/" for Win32), the
# server will use that explicit path. If the filenames do *not* begin
# with "/", the value of ServerRoot is prepended -- so 'log/access_log'
# with ServerRoot set to '/www' will be interpreted by the
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '4,/the/p' httpd.txt //输出从第4行至第一个包含the的行
# See for detailed information.
# In particular, see
#
# for a discussion of each configuration directive.
#
# Do NOT simply read the instructions in here without understanding
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '/the/=' httpd.txt //输出包含the的所在行的行号,等号(=)用来输出行号
2
3
9
10
11
13
14
...//省略部分内容...
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '/^sh/p' httpd.txt //输出以sh开头的行
shirt
short
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '/[0-9]$/p' httpd.txt //输出以数字结尾的行
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80
Listen 80
#ServerName www.example.com:80
AddDefaultCharset UTF-8
[root@localhost opt]# sed -n '/\/p' httpd.txt //输出包含的单词wood的行,\<\>代表单词边界
wood
2)删除符合条件的文本(d)
nl
命令用于计算文件的行数,结合该命令可以更加直观地查看到命令执行的结果。[root@localhost opt]# nl httpd.txt | sed '3d' //删除第3行
1 u
2 # This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
4 # See for detailed information.
5 # In particular, see
6 #
7 # for a discussion of each configuration directive.
...//省略部分内容...
[root@localhost opt]# nl httpd.txt | sed '3,5d' //删除3~5行
1 u
2 # This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
6 #
7 # for a discussion of each configuration directive.
...//省略部分内容...
[root@localhost opt]# nl httpd.txt | sed '/wood/d' //删除包含wood的行,原第321行被删除
1 u //删除不包含cross 的行,用!符号表示取反操作,如'/cross/!d'
2 # This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
3 # configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
...//省略部分内容...
318 short
319 wd
320 wod
322 woooood
323 AxyzC
324 AxyzxyzC
[root@localhost opt]# sed '/^[a-z]/d' httpd.txt //删除以小写字母开头的行
# This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
...//省略部分内容...
# Load config files in the "/etc/httpd/conf.d" directory, if any.
IncludeOptional conf.d/*.conf
AxyzC
AxyzxyzC
[root@localhost opt]# sed '/\.$/d' httpd.txt //删除以“.”结尾的行
u
# This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
# In particular, see
#
...//省略部分内容...
[root@localhost opt]# sed '/^$/d' httpd.txt //删除所有空行
u
# This is the main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See for detailed information.
# In particular, see
#
# for a discussion of each configuration directive.
//注意: 若是删除重复的空行,即连续的空行只保留一个, 执行“ sed –e ‘/^$/{n;/^$/d}’ httpd.txt”命令即可实现。其效果与“cat -s test.txt”相同,n 表示读下一行数据。
3)替换符合条件的文本
sed
命令进行替换操作时需要用到 s
(字符串替换)、c
(整行/整块替换)、y
(字符转换)命令选项[root@localhost opt]# sed 's/the/THE/' httpd.txt //将每行中第一个the替换为THE
u
# This is THE main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains the
# configuration directives that give THE server its instructions.
# See for detailed information.
# In particular, see
...//省略部分内容...
[root@localhost opt]# vim aaa.txt //编辑一个新文件
llllll
llllll
llllll //编辑内容
llllll
llllll
llllll
~
~
:wq //保存退出
[root@localhost opt]# sed 's/l/L/3' aaa.txt //将每行中第3个l替换为L
llLlll
llLlll //显示替换后内容
llLlll
llLlll
llLlll
llLlll
[root@localhost opt]# sed 's/the/THE/g' httpd.txt //将文件中多有的the替换为THE
u
# This is THE main Apache HTTP server configuration file. It contains THE
# configuration directives that give THE server its instructions.
# See for detailed information.
# In particular, see
...//省略部分内容...
[root@localhost opt]# sed 's/o//g' httpd.txt //将文件中所有的o删除(替换为空串)
u
# This is the main Apache HTTP server cnfiguratin file. It cntains the
# cnfiguratin directives that give the server its instructins.
...//省略部分内容...
shirt
shrt
wd
wd
wd
wd
AxyzC
AxyzxyzC
[root@localhost opt]# sed 's/^/#/' aaa.txt //在每行行首插入#号
#llllll
#llllll
#llllll
#llllll
#llllll
#llllll
[root@localhost opt]# sed 's/$/eof/' aaa.txt //在每行行尾插入字符串eof
lllllleof
lllllleof
lllllleof
lllllleof
lllllleof
lllllleof
[root@localhost opt]# vim aaa.txt //编辑文件
llllll
llllll
llllll
llllll
llllll
llllll
aaaaaa
aaaaaa //添加内容
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
~
~
:wq //保存退出
[root@localhost opt]# sed '/a/s/^/#/' aaa.txt //在包含 a 的每行行首插入#号
llllll
llllll
llllll
llllll
llllll
llllll
#aaaaaa
#aaaaaa
#aaaaaa
#aaaaaa
#aaaaaa
[root@localhost opt]# sed '3,5s/l/L/g' aaa.txt //将第 3~5 行中的所有 l 替换为 L
llllll
llllll
LLLLLL
LLLLLL
LLLLLL
llllll
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
[root@localhost opt]# vim bbb.txt //编辑一个新文件
this is
the wood
wood
wod //编辑内容
the wood
this is test
~
~
:wq //保存退出
[root@localhost opt]# sed '/the/s/o/O/g' bbb.txt //将包含 the 的所有行中的 o 都替换为 O
this is
the wOOd
wood
wod
the wOOd
this is test
4) 迁移符合条件的文本
H
,复制到剪贴板;g
、G
,将剪贴板中的数据覆盖/追加至指定行;w
,保存为文件;r
,读取指定文件;a
,追加指定内容。[root@localhost opt]# sed '/the/{H;d};$G' bbb.txt //将包含the 的行迁移至文件末尾,{;}用于多个操作
this is
wood
wod
this is test
the wood
the wood
[root@localhost opt]# sed '1,3{H;d};8G' aaa.txt //将1~3行内容迁移到8行之后
llllll
llllll
llllll
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
llllll
llllll
llllll
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
aaaaaa
[root@localhost opt]# sed '/the/w ccc.txt' bbb.txt //将包含the 的行另存为文件ccc.txt
this is
the wood
wood
wod
the wood
this is test
[root@localhost opt]# cat ccc.txt //查看保存的文件内容
the wood
the wood
[root@localhost opt]# sed '/the/r /etc/hostname' bbb.txt
this is //将文件/etc/hostname 的内容添加到包含the 的每行以后
the wood
localhost.localdomain
wood
wod
the wood
localhost.localdomain
this is test
[root@localhost opt]# sed '3aNEW' bbb.txt //在第 3 行后插入一个新行,内容为 NEW
this is
the wood
wood
NEW
wod
the wood
this is test
[root@localhost opt]# sed '/the/aNEW' bbb.txt //在包含the 的每行后插入一个新行,内容为 NEW
this is
the wood
NEW
wood
wod
the wood
NEW
this is test
[root@localhost opt]# sed '3aNEW\nNEW2' bbb.txt //在第 3 行后插入多行内容,中间的\n 表示换行
this is
the wood
wood
NEW
NEW2
wod
the wood
this is test
5) 使用脚本编辑文件
sed
脚本,将多个编辑指令存放到文件中(每行一条编辑指令),通过“-f”
选项来调用。sed '1,3{H;d};6G' bbb.txt //将1~3行的内容迁移到6行之后
[root@localhost opt]# vim test
1,3H
1,3d
6G
~
:wq
[root@localhost opt]# sed -f test bbb.txt
wod
the wood
this is test
this is
the wood
wood
6) sed 直接操作文件示例
vsftpd
服务配置:禁止匿名用户,但允许本地用户(也允许写入)。[root@localhost ~]# **vim local_only_ftp.sh**
#!/bin/bash
#指定样本文件路径、配置文件路径
SAMPLE="/usr/share/doc/vsftpd-3.0.2/EXAMPLE/INTERNET_SITE/vsftpd.conf " CONFIG="/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf"
#备份原来的配置文件,检测文件名为/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf.bak 备份文件是否存在, 若不存在则使用 cp 命令进行文件备份
[ ! -e "$CONFIG.bak" ] && cp $CONFIG $CONFIG.bak //基于样本配置进行调整,覆盖现有文件
sed -e '/^anonymous_enable/s/YES/NO/g' $SAMPLE > $CONFIG
sed -i -e '/^local_enable/s/NO/YES/g' -e '/^write_enable/s/NO/YES/g' $CONFIG grep "listen" $CONFIG || sed -i '$alisten=YES' $CONFIG
# 启动vsftpd 服务,并设为开机后自动运行systemctl restart vsftpd
systemctl enable vsftpd
[root@localhost ~]# **chmod +x local_only_ftp.sh