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Virtual Memory Statistics （ vmstat ） 是报告关于进程，虚拟内存，磁盘，CPU活动的一个统计报告。
在一个多CPU系统中，vmstat统计所有个数的CPU的平均输出。为每个进程进行统计。没有参数时，vmstat显示每一行是自从系统启动以后的虚拟内存的活动情况。
vmstat 的语法我们可以通过linux的man 命令来查看。
将man 的结果导入到指定的文本
# man vmstat|col -b > /u01/tianlesoftware.txt
查看vmstat 用法
# man vmstat
VMSTAT（8） Linux Administrator’s Manual VMSTAT（8）
NAME
vmstat - Report virtual memory statistics
SYNOPSIS
vmstat [-a] [-n] [delay [ count]]
vmstat [-f] [-s] [-m]
vmstat [-S unit]
vmstat [-d]
vmstat [-p disk partition]
vmstat [-V]
DESCRIPTION
vmstat reports information about processes, memory, paging, block IO,traps, and cpu activity.The first report produced gives averages since the last reboot. Additional reports give information on a sampling period of length delay.The process and memory reports are instantaneous in either case.
Options
The -a switch displays active/inactive memory, given a 2.5.41 kernelor better.
The -f switch displays the number of forks since boot. This includes the fork, vfork, and clone system calls, and is equivalent to the total number of tasks created. Each process is represented by one or more tasks, depending on thread usage.This display does not repeat.
The -m displays slabinfo.
The -n switch causes the header to be displayed only once rather than periodically.
The -s switch displays a table of various event counters and memory statistics. This display does not repeat.Delay is the delay between updates in seconds. If no delay is specified, only one report is printed with the average values since boot.count is the number of updates. If no count is specified and delay is defined, count defaults to infinity.
The -d reports disk statistics （2.5.70 or above required）
The -p followed by some partition name for detailed statistics （2.5.70 or above required）
The -S followed by k or K or m or M switches outputs between 1000,1024, 1000000, or 1048576 bytes
The -V switch results in displaying version information.
FIELD DESCRIPTION FOR VM MODE
Procs
r: The number of processes waiting for run time.
b: The number of processes in uninterruptible sleep.
Memory
swpd: the amount of virtual memory used.
free: the amount of idle memory.
buff: the amount of memory used as buffers.
cache: the amount of memory used as cache.
inact: the amount of inactive memory. （-a option）
active: the amount of active memory. （-a option）
Swap
si: Amount of memory swapped in from disk （/s）。
so: Amount of memory swapped to disk （/s）。
IO
bi: Blocks received from a block device （blocks/s）。
bo: Blocks sent to a block device （blocks/s）。
System
in: The number of interrupts per second, including the clock.
cs: The number of context switches per second.
CPU
These are percentages of total CPU time.
us: Time spent running non-kernel code. （user time, including nice time）
sy: Time spent running kernel code. （system time）
id: Time spent idle. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, this includes IO-wait time.
wa: Time spent waiting for IO. Prior to Linux 2.5.41, shown as zero.
FIELD DESCRIPTION FOR DISK MODE
Reads
total: Total reads completed successfully
merged: grouped reads （resulting in one I/O）
sectors: Sectors read successfully
ms: milliseconds spent reading
Writes
total: Total writes completed successfully
merged: grouped writes （resulting in one I/O）
sectors: Sectors written successfully
ms: milliseconds spent writing
IO
cur: I/O in progress
s: seconds spent for I/O
FIELD DESCRIPTION FOR DISK PARTITION MODE
reads: Total number of reads issued to this partition
read sectors: Total read sectors for partition
writes : Total number of writes issued to this partition
requested writes: Total number of write requests made for partition
FIELD DESCRIPTION FOR SLAB MODE
cache: Cache name
num: Number of currently active objects
total: Total number of available objects
size: Size of each object
pages: Number of pages with at least one active object
totpages: Total number of allocated pages
pslab: Number of pages per slab
NOTES
vmstat does not require special permissions.
These reports are intended to help identify system bottlenecks. Linux vmstat does not count itself as a running process.All linux blocks are currently 1024 bytes. Old kernels may report blocks as 512 bytes, 2048 bytes, or 4096 bytes.Since procps 3.1.9, vmstat lets you choose units （k, K, m, M） default is K （1024 bytes） in the default mode vmstat uses slabinfo 1.1 FIXME
FILES
/proc/meminfo
/proc/stat
/proc/*/stat
SEE ALSO
iostat（1）， sar（1）， mpstat（1）， ps（1）， top（1）， free（1）
BUGS
Does not tabulate the block io per device or count the number of system calls.
AUTHORS
Written by Henry Ware
Fabian Frédérick
Throatwobbler Ginkgo Labs 27 July 1994 VMSTAT（8）
示例：
# vmstat 2 10
procs -----------memory---------------------- -----swap--- -----io---- ---system--- ----cpu------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
1 1 208 28960 38128 268204 0 0 278 40 1050 370 5 46 44 5
1 0 208 28896 38128 268204 0 0 128 0 1054 310 4 38 58 1
2 0 208 28896 38136 268196 0 0 257 55 1056 301 4 39 52 5
2 0 208 24896 38136 268196 0 0 257 1 1042 593 6 87 7 0
0 0 208 28672 38136 268196 0 0 257 25 1052 372 4 46 45 5
0 0 208 28824 38140 268192 0 0 129 111 1052 316 3 32 64 1
1 0 208 28768 38148 268184 0 0 257 109 1050 286 9 70 21 1
1 0 208 28512 38148 268184 0 0 257 1 1046 327 6 48 43 2
0 0 208 28832 38148 268184 0 0 257 1 1047 313 5 42 52 1
0 0 208 28832 38152 268180 0 0 257 109 1050 308 4 33 59 5
每2秒显示一次，共显示10次。
在Unix（Solaris）平台下：
-bash-3.00$ vmstat 2 10
kthr memory page disk faults cpu
r b w swap free re mf pi po fr de sr s0 s1 -- -- in sy cs us sy id
0 0 0 5016344 4200040 126 512 35 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 731 1416 723 3 0 97
0 0 0 2065576 2375112 14 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 870 625 950 3 0 96
0 0 0 2065512 2375048 11 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 951 529 1066 3 0 97
0 0 0 2065512 2375048 11 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 852 548 934 3 0 97
0 0 0 2065512 2375048 4 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 836 483 907 3 0 97
0 0 0 2065512 2375048 14 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 873 632 958 3 0 97
0 0 0 2065512 2375048 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 812 417 863 3 0 97
0 0 0 2065512 2375048 4 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 810 481 874 3 0 97
0 0 0 2065384 2374920 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 801 406 862 3 0 96
0 0 0 2065384 2374920 14 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 817 545 898 3 0 97
一些标准说明：
CPU:
1） 如果（process r）是连续的大于在系统中的CPU的个数表示系统现在运行比较慢，有多数的进程等待CPU.
2） 如果r的输出数大于系统中可用CPU个数的4倍的话，则系统面临着CPU短缺的问题，或者是CPU的速率过低，系统中有多数的进程在等待CPU,造成系统中进程运行过慢。
3） 如果空闲时间（cpu id）持续为0并且系统时间（cpu sy）是用户时间的两倍（cpu us） 系统则面临着CPU资源的短缺。
简单的说就是：
r 和 b 不高于5，如果r 经常大于4，且id 经常少于40，则表示CPU 负荷很重。
us+sy 不超过80%，如果大于80，进程就会在运行队列中花费等待时间，响应时间和吞吐量就会下降。
wa 不超过25， 如果说wa >40表明磁盘io没有也许存在不合理的平衡，或者对磁盘操作比较频繁
一般情况下，导致CPU资源不足都是应用程序的问题。比如一些SQL语句不合理等等都会造成这样的现象。
内存：
si和so基本为零。 其中si表示当前每秒交换回内存（Swap in）的总量，单位为kbytes；so表示当前每秒交换出内存（Swap out）的总量，单位为kbytes。如果si，so 长期不等于0，表示系统使用swap 频繁，即内存不足。
一般情况下，如果内存的占用率比较高，但是，CPU的占用很低的时候，可以考虑是有很多的应用程序占用了内存没有释放。
要注意的是，Linux 内存在使用后不会释放，所以一般会看到内存使用率很高，要判断linux 内存是否正常，需要通过对swap 交换区的交换频率来看。
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